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<title>Meshchera language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Meshchera language</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Meshchera</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Meshchera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshchera">Meshchera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">13th–16th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>

<a href="Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a>?/<a href="Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Meshchera</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/0tx">0tx</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">Map of Volga Finns in the 9th century</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Meshchera</b> is an extinct <a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language</a>. It was spoken around the left bank of the Middle <a href="Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a>. Meshchera was either a <a href="Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a> or a <a href="Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pauli Rahkonen has suggested on the basis of <a href="Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponymic</a> evidence that it was a <a href="Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a> or closely related language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rahkonen's speculation has been criticized by <a href="Vladimir_Napolskikh" title="Vladimir Napolskikh">Vladimir Napolskikh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Meshchera speaking people possibly assimilated into <a href="Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a> (Meshcheryaki).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this theory is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first Russian written source which mentions them is the <i>Tolkovaya Paleya</i>, from the 13th century. They are also mentioned in several later Russian chronicles from the period before the 16th century, and even later, in one of the letters by <a href="Andrey_Kurbsky" title="Andrey Kurbsky">Andrey Kurbsky</a> written in the second half of the 16th century, where he claimed the language spoken in the Meshchera region to be Mordvinic.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2></div>

<p>Some words have been reconstructed from Meshchera based on <a href="Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponymic</a> data, for example: Meshchera <a href="Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronymic</a> stems un-, ič-, vil- and ul, which can be compared to <a href="Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> uno 'big', ič́i 'little', vi̮l 'upper' and ulo 'lower'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Meryans" title="Meryans">Meryans</a></li>

<li><a href="Merya_language" title="Merya language">Meryan language</a></li>

<li><a href="Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finns</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712155021/http://multitree.org/codes/0tx">"Meshcherian"</a>. MultiTree. 2009-06-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/0tx">the original</a> on July 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAikio2012" class="citation journal cs1">Aikio, Ante (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust266/sust266_aikio.pdf">"An essay on Saami ethnolinguistic prehistory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne</i>. <b>266</b>. Helsinki, Finland: <a href="Finno-Ugrian_Society" title="Finno-Ugrian Society">Finno-Ugrian Society</a>: <span class="nowrap">63–</span>117<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRahkonen2009" class="citation cs2">Rahkonen, Pauli (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/the-linguistic-background-of-the-ancient-meshchera-tribe-and-prin">"The Linguistic Background of the Ancient Meshchera Tribe and Principal Areas of Settlement"</a>, <i>Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen</i>, <b>60</b>, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0355-1253">0355-1253</a></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.molgen.org/index.php/topic,443.msg76477.html#msg76477">"Вопросы Владимиру Напольских-2. Uralistica"</a>. Forum.molgen.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Z. Zekiyev <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkiyat.selcuk.edu.tr/pdfdergi/s19/toker.pdf">Mişerler, Başkurtlar ve dilleri / Mishers, Bashkirs and their languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408212715/http://www.turkiyat.selcuk.edu.tr/pdfdergi/s19/toker.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <i>Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi</i> 73–86 <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620031627/http://www.kominarod.ru/finno-ugry/nations/Meshchera/">"Коми народ / Финно-угры / Народы / Мещера"</a>. 2014-06-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kominarod.ru/finno-ugry/nations/Meshchera/">the original</a> on 2014-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRahkonen2013" class="citation web cs1">Rahkonen, Pauli (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/38908/southeas.pdf">"The South-Eastern Contact Area of Finnic Languages in the Light of Onomastics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>HELDA - Digital Repository of the University of Helsinki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

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</style><div id="Uralic_languages421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian Finnic</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a>

<li><a href="Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li>

<li><a href="Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a>

<ul><li><a href="Torne_Valley_dialects" title="Torne Valley dialects">Torne Valley</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Salaca_Livonian" title="Salaca Livonian">Salaca</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kildin_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sami">Kildin</a></li>

<li><a href="Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian Sámi</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shoksha_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoksha dialect">Shoksha dialect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Komi

<ul><li><a href="Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Permyak</a></li>

<li><a href="Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Yazva</a></li>

<li><a href="Komi_language" title="Komi language">Zyryan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>

<ul><li><a href="Besermyan#Culture" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Eastern Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Ugric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li>

<li><a href="Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Selkup_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Selkup_language" title="Northern Selkup language">Northern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Karelian_language" title="Proto-Karelian language">Proto-Karelian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li>

<li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Meshchera_language&oldid=1303185810">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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